Katherine P. Ponder

The focus of this lab is to use hepatic gene therapy to treat genetic deficiencies such as hemophilia or mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII). Hemophilia results in a lifelong bleeding diathesis due to a deficiency in any of several different coagulation factors. Continuous secretion of the deficient coagulation factor from the liver into the blood could result in the permanent correction of bleeding manifestations in these patients. MPS VII is due to a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUSB) and results in bone and joint, cardiac, eye, and neurological abnormalities. For this disorder, the liver can secrete enzyme with a mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) tag that can be taken up by cells in the rest of the body via the M6P receptor. This laboratory has focused upon treating these genetic disorders with retroviral vectors, which can transduce up to 10% of hepatocytes in vivo when IV injection is performed in the setting of hepatocyte replication. The requirement of replication for efficient transduction of cells with this vector allows specificity for the liver to be achieved after systemic administration. Transfer into adults is achieved by inducing hepatocyte replication with the transient administration of hepatocyte growth factor, which is a growth factor that is selective for inducing hepatocyte replication in vivo after IV administration. Transfer of retroviral vector into neonates does not require any stimulus for hepatocyte replication, as the baseline level of replication is already high. Utilization of a strong liver-specific promoter that does not extinguish expression from a retroviral vector in vivo has allowed us to achieve stable and therapeutic levels of expression for over one year in rodents of Factor X, which is deficient in one form of hemophilia. Similarly, this approach has resulted in high serum levels of GUSB with a M6P tag in mice with MPS VII, resulting in uptake in peripheral organs and amelioration of the disease.

Prior to using gene therapy to treat humans with genetic diseases, it will be necessary to demonstrate that these approaches are equally effective in larger animals. We have demonstrated that 9% of hepatocytes can be transduced when a retroviral vector is injected IV into neonatal dogs. When a retroviral vector expressing the canine GUSB cDNA was injected into neonatal MPS VII dogs, stable and high level expression of GUSB with a M6P tag was achieved for over 6 months. This resulted in a marked or complete improvement in the bone, cardiac, and ocular manifestations of the disease. Five out of 6 retroviral vector-treated animals could walk at 6 months of age, although no untreated mutants could walk at this time. This approach appears to be safe and effective at long-term correction of this disorder, although longer analysis will be necessary.

Future directions in the laboratory will include long-term evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this neonatal approach in large animals, and testing if it is equally effective in treating the bleeding manifestations of hemophilia B in dogs. We will also test the efficacy of hepatocyte growth factor-facilitated gene transfer in large animals, which would allow the application of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer to older animals. In addition, a major focus will be to try to block immune responses that occur in the setting of gene therapy, as patients with large deletions or stop codons might produce antibodies or a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the therapeutic gene product.

Altered Lumbar Spine Structure, Biochemistry, and Biomechanical Properties in a Canine Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII, L. J. Smith, J. T. Martin, S. E. Szczesny, K. P. Ponder, M. E. Haskins and D. M. Elliott, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 28, 616-622 (2010) [PDF]

Upregulation of Elastase Activity in Aorta in Mucopolysaccharidosis I and VII Dogs May be Due to Increased Cytokine Expression, J. A. Metcalf, B. Linders, S. Wu, P. Bigg, P. O'Donnell, M. M. Sleeper, M. P. Whyte, M. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 99, 396-407 (2010) [PDF]

A Self-inactivating gamma-Retroviral Vector Reduces Manifestations of Mucopolysaccharidosis I in Mice, J. A. Metcalf, X. C. Ma, B. Linders, S. Wu, A. Schemback, K. K. Ohlemiller, A. Kovacs, M. Bigg, L. He, D. M. Tollefsen and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 18, 334-342 (2010) [PDF]

Mechanism of Shortened Bones in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII, J. A. Metcalf, Y. M. Zhang, M. J. Hilton, F. X. Long and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 97, 202-211 (2009) [PDF]

Neonatal Intravenous Injection of a Gammaretroviral Vector Has a Low Incidence of Tumor Induction in Mice, M. Tittiger, X. C. Ma, L. F. Xu and K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 19, 1317-1323 (2008) [PDF]

Radiographic Evaluation of Bones and Joints in Mucopolysaccharidosis I and VII Dogs after Neonatal Gene Therapy R. S. Herati, V. W. Knox, P. O'Donnell, M. D'Angelo, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 95, 142-151 (2008) [PDF]

Improved Retroviral Vector Design Reduces an Immune Response after Adult Gene Therapy in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mice, R. S. Herati, X. Ma, M. Tittiger, K. K. Ohlemiller, A. Kovacs and K. P. Ponder, Journal of Gene Medicine, 10, 972-982 (2008) [PDF]

Immune Response Hinders Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Diseases, K. P. Ponder, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118, 2686-2688 (2008) [PDF]

Upregulation of Elastase Proteins Results in Aortic Dilatation in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mice, X. Ma, M. Tittiger, R. H. Knutsen, L. Schaller, R. P. Mecham and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 94, 298-304 (2008) [PDF]

Clinical Characterization of Cardiovascular Abnormalities Associated with Feline Mucopolysaccharidosis I and VI, M. M. Sleeper, C. M. Kusiak, F. S. Shofer, P. OĠDonnell, C. Bryan, K. P. Ponder and M. E. Haskins, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 31, 424-431 (2008) [PDF]

Walk a Mile in the Moccasins of People with Hemophilia, K. P. Ponder and A. Srivastava, Haemophilia, 14, 618-620 (2008) [PDF]

Immunology of Neonatal Gene Transfer, K. P. Ponder, Current Gene Therapy, 7, 403-410 (2007) [PDF]

Gene Therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis, K. P. Ponder and M. E. Haskins, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 7, 1333-1345 (2007) [PDF]

High Expression Reduces an Antibody Response After Neonatal Gene Therapy with B Domain-Deleted Human Factor VIII in Mice, L. Xu, M. Mei, X. Ma and K. P. Ponder, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 5, 1805-1812 (2007) [PDF]

Correction of Clinical Manifestations of Canine Mucopolysaccharidosis I with Neonatal Retroviral Vector Gene Therapy, A. M. Traas, P. Wang, X. Ma, M. Tittiger, L. Schaller, P. O'Donnell, M. M. Sleeper, C. Vite, R. Herati, G. D. Aguirre, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 15, 1423-1431 (2007) [PDF]

Immune Response after Neonatal Transfer of a Human Factor IX-Expressing Retroviral Vector in Dogs, Cats, and Mice, L. Xu, M. Mei, M. E. Haskins, T. C. Nichols, P. O'Donnell, K. Cullen, A. Dillow, D. Bellinger and K. P. Ponder, Thrombosis Research, 120, 269-280 (2007) [PDF]

Improvements in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mice after Adult Retroviral Vector-Mediated Gene Therapy with Immunomodulation, X. Ma, Y. Liu, M. Tittiger, A. Hennig, A. Kovacs, S. Popelka, B. Wang, R. Herati, M. Bigg and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 15, 889-902 (2007) [PDF]

Effect of Neonatal Administration of a Retroviral Vector Expressing alpha-L-Iduronidase upon Lysosomal Storage in Brain and Other Organs in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mice, S. Chung, X. Ma, Y. Liu, D. Lee, M. E. Tittiger and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 90, 181-192 (2007) [PDF]

Treatment of Complement Regulatory Protein Deficiency by Retroviral in Vivo Gene Therapy, D. Spitzer, X. Wu, X. Ma, L. Xu, K. P. Ponder and J. P. Atkinson, J. Immunol., 177, 4953-4956 (2006) [PDF]

Bringing Home the Bacon for Hemophilia, K. P. Ponder, Blood, 107, 3817 (2006) [PDF]

Gene Therapy for Hemophilia, K. P. Ponder, Current Opinion in Hematology, 13, 301-307 (2006) [PDF]

Unresolved Issues in Diagnosis and Management of Inherited Bleeding Disorders in the Perinatal Period: A White Paper of the Perinatal Task Force of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council of the National Hemophilia Foundation USA, R. Kulkarni, K. P. Ponder, A. H. James, J. M. Soucie, M. Koerper, W. K. Hoots and J. M. Lusher, Haemophilia, 12, 205-211 (2006) [PDF]

Gene Therapy Goes to the Dogs, K. P. Ponder, Blood, 107, 3018-3019 (2006) [PDF]

Mucopolysaccharidosis I Cats Mount a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response after Neonatal Gene Therapy that can be Blocked with CTLA4-Ig, K. P. Ponder, B. Wang, P. Wang, X. Ma, R. Herati, B. Wang, K. Cullen, P. OĠDonnell, T. M. Primeau and M. E. Haskins, Molecular Therapy, 14, 5-13 (2006) [PDF]

Expression in Blood Cells may Contribute to Biochemical and Pathological Improvements after Neonatal Intravenous Gene Therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis VII in Dogs, B. Wang, T. M. O'Malley, L. Xu, B. Wang, P. A. O'Donnell, N. M. Ellinwood, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 87, 8-21 (2006) [PDF]

C/EBPb Contributes to Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Induced Replication of Rodent Hepatocytes, B. Wang, C. Gao and K. P. Ponder, Hepatology, 43, 294-302 (2005) [PDF]

Absence of a Desmopressin Response after Therapeutic Expression of Factor VIII in Hemophilia A Dogs with Liver-Directed Neonatal Gene Therapy, L. Xu, T. C. Nichols, R. Sarkar, S. McCorquodale, D. A. Bellinger and K. P. Ponder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 6080-6085 (2005) [PDF]

An Ounce of Prevention Potentiates a Pound of Cure for Hemophilia A, K. P. Ponder, Blood, 105, 2620 (2005) [PDF]

Liver-Directed Neonatal Gene Therapy Prevents Cardiac, Bone, Ear, and Eye Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mice, Y. Liu, L. Xu, A. K. Hennig, A. Kovacs, A. Fu, S. Chung, D. Lee, B. Wang, R. S. Herati, J. M. Ogilvie, S.-R. Cai and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 11, 35-47 (2005) [PDF]

A More Clinically Relevant Mouse Model of Hemophilia B, K. P. Ponder, Blood, 104, 1595 (2004) [PDF]

Gene Therapy Ameliorates Cardiovascular Disease in Dogs With Mucopolysaccharidosis VII, M. M. Sleeper, B. Fornasari, N. M. Ellinwood, M. A. Weil, J. Melniczek, T. M. O'Malley, C. D. Sammarco, L. Xu, K. P. Ponder and M. E. Haskins, Circulation, 110, 815-820 (2004) [PDF]

In Vivo Transduction of Hematopoietic Stem Cells after Neonatal Intravenous Injection of an Amphotropic Retroviral Vector in Mice, L. Xu, T. O'Malley, M. S. Sands, B. Wang, T. Meyerrose, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 10, 37-44 (2004) [PDF]

Gene Therapy for Hemophilia B, K. P. Ponder, Chapter 38, pg. 220-225 in Textbook of Hemophilia, edited by C. A. Lee, E. E. Berntorp and W. K. Hoots, Blackwell Publishing (2004)

Neonatal Retroviral Vector-Mediated Hepatic Gene Therapy Reduces Bone, Joint, and Cartilage Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mice and Dogs, R. L. Mango, L. Xu, M. S. Sands, C. Vogler, G. Seiler, T. Schwarz, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 82, 4-19 (2004) [PDF]

Neonatal Gene Transfer with a Retroviral Vector Results in Tolerance to Human Factor IX in Mice and Dogs. J. Zhang, L. Xu, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Blood, 103, 143-151 (2004) [PDF]

Novel Therapies for Hemophilia A, K. P. Ponder, Blood, 102, 3857-3858 (2003) [PDF]

Neonatal or Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Potentiated Adult Gene Therapy with a Retroviral Vector Results in Therapeutic Levels of Canine Factor IX for Hemophilia B, L. Xu, C. Gao, M. S. Sands, S.-R. Cai, T. C. Nichols, D. A. Bellinger, R. A. Raymer and K. P. Ponder, Blood, 101, 3924-3932 (2003) [PDF]

Should Gene Therapy be Used for Newborns with Hemophilia?, K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 7, 7-8 (2003) [PDF]

Evaluation of Pathological Manifestations of Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mice after Neonatal Hepatic Gene Therapy, L. Xu, R. L. Mango, M. S. Sands, M. E. Haskins, N. M. Ellinwood and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 6, 745-758 (2002) [PDF]

Gene Therapy for Hemophilia B in Dogs: Finally Prevention of Bleeding, but Concerns About Inhibitors Remain, K. P. Ponder, Blood, 99, 2635-2636 (2002) [PDF]

Therapeutic Neonatal Hepatic Gene Therapy in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Dogs, K. P. Ponder, J. R. Melniczek, L. Xu, M. A. Weil, T. M. O'Malley, P. A. O'Donnell, V. W. Knox, G. D. Aguirre, H. Mazrier, N. M. Ellinwood, M. Sleeper, A. M. Maguire, S. W. Volk, R. L. Mango, J. Zweigle, J. H. Wolfe, and M. E. Haskins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 13102-13107 (2002) [PDF]

Transduction of Hepatocytes after Neonatal Delivery of a Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-based Retroviral Vector Results in Long-term Expression of beta-Glucuronidase in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Dogs, L. Xu L, M. E. Haskins, C. Gao, M. A. Weil, T. M. O'Malley, J. R. Melniczek, P. A. O'Donnell, H. Mazrier, N. M. Ellinwood and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 5, 141-153 (2002) [PDF]

Lipopolysaccharide Results in a Marked Decrease in Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4a in Rat Liver, B. Wang , S. R. Cai, C. Gao, F. M. Sladek and K. P. Ponder, Hepatology, 34, 979-89 (2001) [PDF]

The CMV-beta-Actin Promoter Directs Higher Expression from an AAV Vector in the Liver than the CMV or EF1 Promoter and Results in Therapeutic Levels of Human Factor X in Mice, L. Xu, T. Daly, C. Gao, T. R. Flotte, S. Song, B. J. Byrne, M. S. Sands and K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 12, 563-573 (2001) [PDF]

Lipopolysaccharide Potentiates the Effect of Hepatocyte Growth Factor upon Replication in Lung, Thyroid, Spleen, and Colon in Rats in Vivo, C. Gao, S. C. Kennedy and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 3, 462-475 (2001) [PDF]

The Vectors of Gene Therapy, K. P. Ponder, Chapter 4, pg. 77-112 in An Introduction to Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, edited by T. F. Kresina, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., (2000) [PDF]

Gene Therapy for Primary and Metastatic Cancer to the Liver, M. W. Flye, and K. P. Ponder, Asian Journal of Surgery, 23, 64-79 (2000) [Abstract]

Delivery of a Retroviral Vector Expressing Human beta-Glucuronidase to the Liver and Spleen Decreases Lysosomal Storage in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mice, C. Gao, M. S. Sands, M. E. Haskins and K. P. Ponder, Molecular Therapy, 2, 233-244 (2000) [PDF]

Lovastatin Decreases Mortality and Improves Liver Functions in Fulminant Hepatic Failure from 90% Partial Hepatectomy in Rats, S-R. Cai, M. Motoyama, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, J. Hepatology, 32, 67-77 (2000) [PDF]

Intramuscular Injection of an Adenoviral Vector Expressing Hepatocyte Growth Factor Facilitates Hepatic Transduction with a Retroviral Vector in Mice, C. Gao, R. Jokerst, P. Gondipalli, S.-R. Cai, S. Kennedy and K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 10, 911-922 (1999) [PDF]

Lipopolysaccharide Potentiates the Effect of Hepatocyte Growth Factor upon Hepatocyte Replication in Rats by Augmenting AP-1 DNA Binding Activity, C. Gao, R. Jokerst, S.-R. Cai, S. C. Kennedy, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Hepatology, 30, 1405-1416 (1999) [PDF]

Systemic Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease, K. P. Ponder, Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 158-162 (1999) [PDF]

Intramuscular Injection of an Adenoviral Vector Expressing Hepatocyte Growth Factor Facilitates Hepatic Transduction with a Retroviral Vector in Mice, C. Gao, R. Jokerst, P. Gondipalli, S-R. Cai, S. Kennedy and K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 10, 911-922 (1999) [PDF]

Embolization of Portal Vein Branches Induces Hepatocyte Replication in Swine. A Potential Step in Hepatic Gene Therapy, J. R. Duncan, M. Hicks, S-R. Cai, E. M. Brunt and K. P. Ponder, Radiology, 210, 467-577 (1999) [PDF]

Gene Therapy for Liver Cancer, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, in Liver Metastasis Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment, edited by O. J. Garden, J. G. Geraghty and D. M. Nagorney, Springer Verlag (1998)

Therapeutic Levels of Functional Human Protein C in Rats after Retroviral Vector-mediated Hepatic Gene Therapy, S-R. Cai, S. C. Kennedy, W. M. Bowling, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 2831-2841 (1998) [PDF]

Therapeutic Levels of Functional Human Factor X in Rats after Retroviral-mediated Hepatic Gene Therapy, M. T. Le, T. Okuyama, S-R. Cai, S. C. Kennedy, W. Bowling, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Blood, 89, 1254-1259 (1997) [PDF]

Portal Branch Occlusion Safely Facilitates in vivo Retroviral Vector Transduction of Rat Liver, W. M. Bowling, S. C. Kennedy, S-R. Cai, J. R. Duncan, C. Gao, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 7, 2113-2121 (1996) [PDF]

Alterations in Enzymatic Functions in Hepatocytes and Hepatocellularcarcinomas from Ras-transduced Livers Resemble the Effects of Insulin, R. V. Pearline, Y-Z. Lin, K. J. Shen, E. M. Brunt, W. Bowling, D. G. Hafenrichter, S. Kennedy, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Hepatology, 24, 838-848 (1996) [PDF]

Analysis of Liver Development, Regeneration and Carcinogenesis by Genetic Marking Studies, K. P. Ponder, FASEB J., 10, 673-682 (1996) [PDF]

Liver-Directed Gene Therapy: A Retroviral Vector with a Complete LTR and the ApoE Enhancer-1-Antitrypsin Promoter Dramatically Increases Expression of Human 1-Antitrypsin in Vivo, T. Okuyama, R. M. Huber, W. Bowling, R. Pearline, S. C. Kennedy, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 7, 637-645 (1996) [PDF]

Retroviral Vector Sequences may Interact with Some Internal Promoters and Influence Expression, X. Wu, J. Holschen, S. C. Kennedy, K. P. Ponder, Human Gene Therapy, 7, 159-171 (1996) [PDF]

Gene Delivery for Systemic Expression, K. P. Ponder, pg. 395-432 in Gene Transfer in Cardiovascular Biology, edited by K. L. March, Kluwar Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA (1996)

Ras-transduced Diethylnitrosamine-Treated Hepatocytes Develop into Tumors of Mixed Phenotype in-vivo, Y-Z. Lin, E. Brunt, W. Bowling, D. Hafenrichter, S. Kennedy, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Cancer Research, 55, 5242-5250 (1995) [PDF]

Experiments in Transgenic Mice Demonstrate that Hepatocytes are the Source for Postnatal Liver Growth and Do Not Stream, S. C. Kennedy, S. D. Rettinger, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Hepatology, 22, 160-168 (1995) [PDF]

Optimization of Liver-Directed Retroviral Gene Delivery, D. G. Hafenrichter, K. P. Ponder, S. D. Rettinger, S. C. Kennedy and M. W. Flye, Transplantation Proceedings, 26, 3379-3380 (1994) [PDF]

Quantitative Evaluation of Liver-specific Promoters from Retroviral Vectors after in vivo Transduction of Hepatocytes, D. G. Hafenrichter, S. D. Rettinger, S. C. Kennedy, X. Wu, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Blood, 84, 3394-3404 (1994) [PDF]

Liver-directed Gene Therapy: Evaluation of Liver-specific Promoter Elements, D. G. Hafenrichter, K. P. Ponder, S. D. Rettinger, S. C. Kennedy, X. Wu, R. S. Saylors and M. W. Flye, Journal of Surgical Research, 56, 510-517 (1994) [PDF]

Liver-directed Gene Therapy: Quantitative Evaluation of Promoter Elements using in vivo Retroviral Transduction, S. Rettinger, S. Kennedy, X. Wu, R. Saylors, D. Hafenrichter, M. W. Flye and K. P. Ponder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 1460-1464 (1994) [PDF]

In vivo Transduction with Retrovirus During In-flow Occlusion, S. Rettinger, K. P. Ponder, R. Saylors, S. Kennedy, D. Hafenrichter and M. W. Flye, J. Surg. Res., 54, 418-425 (1993) [PDF]

Human Gene Therapy - Present and Future, M. A. Kay, K. P. Ponder and S. L. C. Woo, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 21, 83-93 (1992) [PDF]

Expression of Human 1-Antitrypsin in Dogs after Autologous Transplanation of Retroviral Transduced Hepatocytes, M. A. Kay, P. Baley, S. Rothernberg, F. Leland, L. Fleming, K. P. Ponder, T-J. Liu, M. Finegold, G. Darlington, W. Pokorney and S. L. C. Woo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 89-93 (1992) [PDF]

Genetic Control of Human 1-Antitrypsin and Hepatic Gene Therapy, S. L. C. Woo, R. N. Sifers and K. P. Ponder, in Biochemistry of Pulmonary Emphysema, edited by C. Grassi, J. Travis, L. Casali and M. Luisetti, Springer-Verlag, London (1992)

Evaluation of Relative Promoter Strength in Primary Hepatocytes Using Optimized Lipofection, K. P. Ponder, R. P. Dunbar, D. R. Wilson, G. J. Darlington and S. L. C. Woo, Human Gene Therapy, 2, 41-52 (1991) [PDF]

Mouse Hepatocytes Migrate to Liver Parenchyma and Function Indefinitely after Intrasplenic Transplantation, K. P. Ponder, S. Gupta, F. Leland, G. Darlington, M. Finegold, J. DeMayo, F. Ledley, J. Chowdhury and S. L. C. Woo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 1217-1221 (1991) [PDF]

Analysis of Pre-rRNAs in Heat-Shocked Cells Allows the Identification of the Upstream Termination Site of Human Polymerase I Transcription, K. A. Parker and U. Bond, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 9, 2500-2512 (1989) [PDF]

Determination of RNA-Protein and RNA-RNP Interactions by Nuclease Probing, K. A. Parker and J. A. Steitz, Methods in Enzymology, 180, 454-468 (1989) [PDF]

An in Vitro Interaction Between the Human U3 snRNP and 28S rRNA Near the alpha-Sarcin Site, K. A. Parker, J. P. Bruzik and J. A. Steitz, Nucleic Acids Research, 16, 10493-10509 (1988) [PDF]

Functions of the Abundant U-snRNPs, J. A. Steitz, D. L. Black, V. Gerke, K. A. Parker, A. Kramer, D. Frendeway and W. Keller, in Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles: Structure and Functions, edited by M. L. Birnsteil, Springer-Verlag, New York (1988)

Structural Analyses of the Human U3 Ribonucleoprotein Particle Reveals a Conserved Sequence Available for Base Pairing with Pre-rRNA, K. A. Parker and J. A. Steitz, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 7, 2899-2913 (1987) [PDF]

The Protease Specificity of Heparin Cofactor II, K. A. Parker and D. A. Tollefsen, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 3501-3505 (1985) [PDF]

Measurement of Somatomedin-Related Peptides in Fetal, Neonatal, Postpartum, and Maternal Rat Serum by Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) I Radioimmunoassay, IGF-II Radioreceptor Assay (RRA), and Multiplication-Stimulating Activity RRA after Acid-Ethanol Extraction, W. H. Daughaday, K. A. Parker, S. Borowsky, and B. Trivedi, Endocrinology, 110, 575-581 (1982) [PDF]